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Chapter 2: Road to Confrontation
1 Douglas Botting, From the Ruins of the Reich, (New York, Crown Publishers Inc., 1985), pp. 179-92 from data originally published in Documentation on the Expulsions of the German Population from East Central Europe (Bonn, West Germany, Federal Ministry for Expellees, Refugees and War Victims).
2 Wolfgang Leonhard, Die Revolution Entlaesst Ihre Kinder (Cologne, Germany, Verlag Kiepenhauer & Witsch, 1955)
3 Koppel Pinson, Modern Germany (New York, NY, Macmillan, 1954), p. 417
4 Leonhard, op. cit., pp. 380-391
5 Ibid., pp. 348-358
6 Ibid., pp. 389-390
7 Current Biography Yearbook, 1972, D. H. W. Wilson Co., New York, 1972
8 John H. Backer, Winds of History, The German Years of Lucius Dubignon Clay (New York, NY, Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, Inc., 1983), p.87
9 Ibid., p.97
10 The Historical Encyclopedia of World War II (New York, NY, Facts on File, Inc., 1980), p. 291
11 Backer, Winds of History, op. cit., p.3
12 Ibid., p. 104
13 Avi Shlaim, The United States and the Berlin Blockage 1948-49 (Berkeley, California, University of California Press, 1983), pp. 99-100
15 Backer, Winds of History, op. cit., pp. 85-89
16 Ibid., pp. 89-90
17 Edward N. Peterson, The American Occupation of Germany, Retreat to Victory (Detroit, Michigan, Wayne State University Press, 1978), p. 119
18 Buhite, op. cit. pp. 32-37
19 Backer, The Decision to Divide Germany, op. cit., p. 89
20 Ibid., pp. 90-91
21 Ibid., pp. 93-95
22 Ibid., pp. 97-98
23 Ibid., pp. 97-99
24 Edward A. Tenenbaum, Military Government and Monetary Reform, Chapter 12 (Unpublished manuscript, Truman Library), p. 200
25 Report of the Military Governor # 1, August 1945, p.5
26 Jack Bennett, "The German Currency Reform". Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, Vol. 267 (January 1950), p. 44
27 Tenenbaum, op. cit., p.201
28 Ibid., pp. 202-203
29 Ibid., pp. 206
30 Ibid., pp. 206
31 Ibid., pp. 209 *Robert Murphy stated the printing order was not placed until after the Council of Foreign Ministers meeting in London in December 1947 (Robert Marphy, Diplomat Among Warriors (Garden City, NY, Doubleday & Company, 1964), pp. 312-313
32 Leonhard, op. cit. pp. 425-426
33 SBZ von 1945 bis 1954, p. 29
34 Terence Prittie, Willy Brandt, Portrait of a Statesman (New York, NY, Schocken Books, 1974), p. 74
35 Ibid., p. 75
36 Walter Hammer Hohes Haus in Henkers Hand (Frankfurt/Main, Germany, Europaeische Verlangsanstalt, 1956), p. 84
37 Prittie, op. cit., p. 72
38 Murphy, op. cit., p. 211
39 Ibid., pp. 277-279
40 Backer, Winds of History, op. cit., p. 57
41 Delbert Clark as quoted in Backer, Ibid., pp. 87-88
42 Charles E. Bohlen The Transformation of American Foreign Policy New York, NY, W.W.Norton & Company, 1969), p.86
43 Ibid., pp. 87-88
44 Murphy, op. cit., p. 308
Chapter 3: Eye of the Storm
1 Clay, op. cit., p. 174
2 U.S. Department of State, Germany 1947-49: The Story in Documents (Washington, D.C., U.S. Government Printing Office, 1950), p.12
3 Clay, op. cit., p. 176
4 Ibid., p. 176
5 Ibid., p. 178-79
6 Ibid., p. 350
7 Ibid., p. 394
8 Shlaim, op. cit., p. 34
9 Clay, op. cit., pp. 398-400
10 Ibid., pp. 408-412
11 Ibid., p. 349
12 Ibid., pp. 350-51
13 Davis, op. cit., p. 200
14 Clay, op. cit., pp. 355-56
15 Truman, Harry S., Memoirs, Volume II (Garden City, NY, Doubleday & Company, Inc., 1956), pp. 121-22
16 Smith, Jean Edward, editor, The Papers of General Lucius D. Clay: Germany, 1945 - 1949 (Bloomington, Indiana, Indiana Unviersity Press, 1974), Vol 2, pp. 600-606
17 Ibid., p. 607
18 Ibid., pp. 622-23
19 Shlaim, op. cit., pp. 137-38
20 Tenenbaum, op. cit., p.211
21 Bennett, op. cit., pp. 48-49
22 News of Germany # 133, June 17, 1948
23 Clay, Lucius D., Germany and the Fight for Freedom, (Cambridge, Mass., Harvard University Press, 1950), p. 36
24 Taegliche Rundschau, May 30, 1948
25 Tenenbaum, op. cit., p. 206
26 Ibid., p. 210
27 Ibid., p. 209-10
28 Murphy, op. cit., p. 383
29 Shlaim, Avi, The United States and the Berlin Blockade, 1948- 1949 (Berkeley, California, Unviersity of California Press, 1983), pp. 151-56
30 Report of the Military Governor #36, June 1948, p. 2
31 Report of the Military Governor #37, July 1948, p. 1
32 Shlaim, op. cit., p. 157
33 Ibid., pp. 151-52
34 Tenenbaum, op. cit., p. 246
35 Ibid., pp. 247-48
36 Ibid., p. 249
37 Ibid., pp. 249-50 and Bennett, op. cit., pp. 51-52
Chapter 4: The Airlift Begins
1 Smith, op. cit., p. 622
2 Ibid., p. 677
3 Ibid., p. 692
4 Frank Howley, Berlin Command (NY, NY, G.P.Putnam's Sons, 1950), p.200
5 Shlaim, op. cit., p. 200
6 Smith, op. cit., pp. 699-704
7 Ibid., p. 697
8 Shlaim, op. cit., p. 202
9 Ibid., p. 203
10 Truman, Vol. 2, op. cit., p. 123
11 Shlaim, op. cit., p. 205
12 Smith, op. cit., pp. 707-08
13 Walter Millis, editor, The Forrestal Diaries (NY, NY Viking Press 1951), pp. 452-54
14 Shlaim, op. cit., p. 220
15 Ibid., p. 227
16 Department of State Bulletin, July 4, 1948, p. 54
17 Shlaim, op. cit., p. 233
18 Ibid., p. 252
19 Ibid., p. 262
20 National Security Council Minutes, July 22, 1948
21 New York Times, July 24, 1948
22 Documents on Germany, pp. 63-72
23 Ibid., pp. 63-72
24 A Special Study of Operation "Vittles", op. cit., p. 8
25 Berlin Airlift, A USAFE Summary, p. 16
26 A Special Study of Operation "Vittles", op. cit., pp. 54-58
27 The New York Herald Tribune, European Edition, July 12, 1948
28 Ibid
29 Richard Collier, Bridge Across the Sky, (NY, NY McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1978), p. 79
Chapter 5: "Vittles" Gets Organized
1 William H. Tunner, Over the Hump, (NY, NY, Duell, Sloan and Pearce, 1964), p. 161
2 Curtis E. LeMay with MacKinlay Kantor, Mission with LeMay (Garden City, NY, Doubleday & Company, Inc., 1965) p. 416
3 Tunner, op. cit., p. 166
4 Ibid., pp. 167-68
5 Ibid., pp. 152-53
6 A Special Study of Operation "Vittles", op. cit., pp. 60-65
7 Shlaim, op. cit., pp. 337-41
8 Smith, op. cit., p. 763
9 Shlaim, op. cit., p. 309
10 Ibid., pp. 337-41
11 Ibid., pp. 747-48
12 Smith, op. cit., p. 747
13 SBZ von 1945-1954 (Bonn, West Germany, Bundesministerium fuer Gesamtdeutsche Fragen, 1956) p. 94
14 Ibid., p. 95; Clay, op. cit., p. 377
15 Report of the Military Governor No. 39, September 1948, Office of Military Government, Berlin
16 Smith, op. cit., pp. 844-45
17 Clay, op. cit., p. 377; Smith, op. cit., pp. 856- 57
18 Telegraf, dated September 9, 1948
19 SBZ von 1945-1954, op. cit., p. 95
20 Smith, op. cit., pp. 856-57
Chapter 6: The Winter Campaign
1 Tunner, op. cit., p. 205
2 Berlin Airlift, USAFE Summary, p. 29
3 A Four Year Report, Office of the Military Government, U.S. Sector, Berlin, July 1, 1945- September 1, 1949 (Berlin, Deutsche Verlag, 1949), p. 20
4 Ibid., p. 78
5 Collier, op. cit., pp. 84-86
6 A Four Year Report, op. cit., p. 20
7 Shlaim, op. cit., p. 366
8 Smith, op. cit., p. 986
Chapter 7: Blockade Lifted
1 Tunner, op. cit., pp. 221-22
2 Smith, op. cit., p. 860
3 Shlaim, op. cit., pp. 381-82
4 Ibid., p. 383
5 Ibid., pp. 384-85
6 Alan Bullock, Ernest Bevin, Foreign Secretary, 1945- 1951, NY & London, W.W.Norton & Company, 1983), p.669
7 Department of State Bulletin, May 15, 1949, p. 631
8 Smith, op. cit., pp. 1137-39
9 Ibid., pp. 1137-39
10 Airlift Berlin, (Berlin, Arani Verlag G.m.b.H., 1949) pp. 78-79
11 Ibid., p. 79
12 Ibid., p. 79
13 Paul Fisher, "The Berlin Airlift," The Bee-Hive, Volume XXIII, Number 4, Fall 1948, pp. 26-27
Chapter 8: Aftermath
1 Terence Pritte, Germany Divided, The Legacy of the Nazi Era (Boston, Mass, Little, Brown and Company, 1960) pp. 31-32
2 Eleanor Lansing Dulles, Berlin, The Wall is not Forever (Chapel Hill, University of North Carolina Press) p. 37
3 Ibid., pp 10-11
4 Ibid., p. 10-13
5 Pritte, op. cit., p. 16
6 Dulles, op. cit., p. 16
7 Victor Marchetti and John D. Marks, The CIA and the Cult of Intelligence (New York, Dell Publishing Co., 1974) p. 34
8 William Henry Chamberlin, The German Phoenix (New York, Duell, Sloan & Pearce, 1963) pp. 147-49
9 Ibid., p. 149
10 Hans Speier, Divided Berlin, The Anatomy of Soviet Political Blackmail (New York, Frederich A. Praeger, 1962) pp. 9-11
11 Ibid., pp. 65-66
12 Ibid., p. 95
13 Paul R. Viotti, Berlin and Conflict Management with the USSR, Orbis, Fall 1984, p. 588
14 Speier, op. cit., pp. 93-94
15 Norman Gelb, The Berlin Wall (New York, Times Books, 1986) p. 253
16 Gelb, op. cit., pp 257-58
17 Federal Republic of Germany, A Country Study, (Washington, DC, Department of the Army, 1983) p. 52
18 Ibid., p. 54
19 Ibid., pp. 53-54
20 Neil Hickey, "TV Is Opening up the Soviet Block Nations -- Whether They Like It Or Not," TV Guide, August 22, 1987, p. 7
21 Christine Toomey Wiebelskirchen, "Honecker Goes Over the Wall For Pomp and Home Cooking," The Sunday Time (London), September 6, 1987, p. 17
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